Dr Yaseen PT

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Student of physical therapy at khyber medical university

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Enzyme

ENZYMES A German physiologist Wilhelm kuhne use the term first in 1878. Definition : “Enzymes are the organic catalysts that speed up the rate of biochemical reaction without being permanently altered in the process “ Characteristics of Enzymes:- 1: All enzymes are protein made up of amino acids. 2: They have globular (globe like) shape. 3: They catalyze chemical reactions within the living cell But remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. 4: They are very fast in their action. For example one molecule of catalase (an enzyme) can decompose About 600,000 (six laces) molecules of H2O2 into H20 and O2 per second at body temperature. 5: Enzymes lower down the energy of activation needed for the reaction. 6: They are produced in small quantities in every living cell a cell cannot remains alive without enzymes. 7: Enzymes are highly specific in action. 8: Enzymes are affected by temperature, PH and concentration of substrate. 9: Enzymes have active sites

Dermatome made easy

Dermatome Dermatome : (derma = skin, tome = cutting) · A specific area of skin that is innervated by single spinal nerve · There are 8 cervical nerves ( with the exception of c1 as it has no dermatome) · 12 thoracic , 5 lumber and 5 sacral nerves · During embryonic development , the dermatome arises from 1 of the 3 somites of mesoderm which is the middle layer of embryonic tissue · Dermatomes and their spinal nerves are assessed using pain, temperature and light touch · Dermatome map is a diagram that identifies dermatome Clinical importance of dermatome: · Useful to help localize neurological level particularly in rediculopathy · Viruses that infect spinal nerve such as herpes zoster reveal their origin by showing up as a painful dermatomic area Important dermatomes and anatomical landmarks: C1: vertex of the skull C2: one cm lateral to occipital protuberance i-e a point at least 3 cm behind the ea

Lung cancer

Lung cancer: - It is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell Growth in the tissue of the lung. It is more common in Man than woman. Causes:- • Air pollution • Industrial carcinogens • Smoking • Tar of cigarettes Symptoms: - • Cough with sputum • Breathlessness • Pleural chest pain Control: - In early stage it does not harm the body but In later stages it becomes impossible to control. Treatment: - The treatment of lung cancer may be done as; • Chemotherapy • Radiation therapy • Targeted drug therapy • Surgery

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